John Sirica and The Ammidown Murder Essay - 2416 Words

When I discovered that my English class had to do a Research Paper, I became horrified. I thought students only did this when they were finishing graduate school not when they were starting their first year in college. All I knew about research papers was that there is an overwhelming amount of research to do. In my efforts to complete this obstacle and not bore myself to sleep with researching, I wanted to do an interesting topic, but I had no idea where to begin. I spent hours going through a great number of subjects and people, but once I found topic remotely interesting, I could not find much information on the Library of Congress website. Therefore, I decided to choose one word that would hopefully lead me to an interesting topic. I†¦show more content†¦Ammidown. This is typically because John Sirica was more important to the United States history due to his involvement in the Watergate Trails. I continued searching further into the United States v. Ammidown, when John was Chief Judge for the United States District Court, by finding sources on the Library of Congress website. At the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress there is a collection summary on The Papers of John J. Sirica that has 123 containers holding 38,000 items. I visited the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress on April 4th , 2012. I was able to get hold of his Bench Book and files on the Ammidown case. I took a few pictures of some of the documents, but the information was overwhelming. A few weeks later I decided to come back to fully immerse myself into his Bench Book because I felt like that was the best way to comprehend John Sirica’s thoughts and opinions on the case. Nevertheless, the information within the book was hand written and is difficult to read. I used a camera to take pictures of the page that related to the case I’m researching in the bench book where I have started on deciphering the handwriting. Yet, the amount of time I have spent on trying to do so has made me realize that decoding the rest will take more than a while. There were other files

The Problem Of Homelessness Among Young People - 2544 Words

WORK ON WORDINESS AND YOU’LL BE FINE When considering the problem of homelessness, many people jump to think of the stereotypical individuals living on the sidewalks in cities who beg for money. This is a stereotype that has been instilled by movies and television shows, as not all people that are homeless live on the streets. A homeless person can be someone who stays with family or friends, or someone who is living in overcrowded, poor conditions that may affect their health. Many of the people who find themselves in these situations are youth who lack proper shelter. Homelessness amongst young people is a serious social concern in the United States. Youth homelessness is not a new occurrence and over the past decade it has grown to be an even bigger problem than before. There are many risks in the lives of homeless youth that make them more vulnerable to health problems. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, homeless children are 3.6 times more likely than non poor children to experience health risk s. (Connecticut General Assembly, 2004) These health risks include physical health problems, developmental delays, decreased school achievement, and emotional and behavioral issues. Many of the health problems that homeless youth face are the same that adult homeless individuals face. But different than adults, as adolescents, homeless youth are still developing both mentally and physically and may make choices that are not best for their health. YoungShow MoreRelatedSocial Problem Homelessness1065 Words   |  5 PagesApplication Social Problem Research: Homelessness Homelessness is becoming a major social issue in the United States, with many poor families and young people ending up in the street because of several reasons. This condition is leaving many people helpless in the streets and the number keep on rising on a daily basis. 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According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, it is a problem that affected 79,446 family households in January 2010, and over 1.5 million children between the years of 2005 and 2006. Family and child homelessness is a genuine issue that although has increased to 37% of the overall homeless, and is said to have reached an â€Å"historic high† (Bassuk), it has not been discussedRead MoreHealth Disparities Among Homeless Women And Their Children1015 Words   |  5 Pages Health Disparities Among Homeless Women and Their Children Geraldine Barron Denver School of Nursing Cohort C â€Æ' Health Disparities Among Homeless Women and Their Children Health care disparities is known for its vulnerability among low income and minority status populations. 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Thus causes everyone to think about the possible solutions to such an important social and economic problem. Whether or not anyone wants to support or ignore the issue, it will always be there. However, the youth population is on the rise among the homeless. While the exact number of youth among the homeless is hard to determine, given various information about homelessnessRead MoreThe Homeless Are Homeless : A Middle Class Lifestyle After Marriage1654 Words   |  7 Pagesneeded to survive. So many people can end up homeless from children, to adults, and even veterans. According to Doran, fifteen percent of America’s homeless are chronically homeless, which means the person has been homeless continuously for a year or more or has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years (Doran). The reason there are so many homeless people no w in the country is because of a very punitive and moralistic societal value we have about people who are homeless and in

Athletic Coping Inventory Skill Inventory

Question: Discuss about the Athletic Coping Inventory Skill Inventory. Answer: Introduction: Freng Tianwei was born in China. She was raised by her family who noticed her interest in playing table tennis when she was young. Her family strived hard to pay for her fees to train her in playing table tennis with high expectations that one day she will become a supreme table tennis player. In March 2007, she moved to Singapore through Foreign Sports Talent Scheme. She began her career in the competitive table tennis competition in Singapore in April 2007. In January 2008, she received citizenship of Singapore. She climbed the ladder of success very fast and represented Singapore at the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing. Her team which include famous Singapore tennis players (Wang Yuegu and Li Jiawei) defeated South Korea in the Semifinals but their team emerged number two after losing to China in the finals. They managed to bring home silver medal which was a big achievement to Singapore history. This achievement was the first victory Singapore embraced in table tennis competition since 1960. In May 2010, Feng Tianwei, Sun Beibei, and Wang Yuegu formed a stronger team and won a gold medal against China at the World Team Table Tennis competition played in Moscow. This fact was Singapore first achievement after 50 years of defeat from its opponents. On August 2012, she defeated Kasumi Ishikawa former Japan table tennis gold medalist with a clean win of 4-0 and won a bronze medal in women's singles table tennis competition. In 2015 she won the Asian Cup by defeating Liu Shiwen and Zhu Yuling in the single women table tennis competition. All through her career, her consistency in winning has not been constant. However, her potential in her career is great. If she improves on her mental skills, she might create a legacy in Singapore by becoming an undefeated table tennis champion. Feng Tianwei is an aggressive individual. Her zeal to become the best international table tennis play er is achievable only if she puts more efforts to training on becoming the best international tennis player. Feng Tianwei has cons that are affecting her career. After she won a bronze medal in the 2012 women's singles table tennis competition held in Japan, she has been accused of ill-discipline, misconduct and disrespectful to her coaches. This fact is affecting her career. The athlete needs to improve on her ego and embrace ideas given to her by her coach. She also needs to improve on her discipline and attitude to take instructions from her personal coach and teammates. Feng Tianwei will do better in 2018 Pyeongchang, South Korea Olympics if she improves on her attitude towards cooperating with her coach during training. She will also do better if she improves on communicating effectively with her teammates. She will also do better if she cooperates and restrains from disputes over monetary issues with her coaches. Sources claim that Feng Tianwei failed to pay $400 after winning the WAP (Multi-Million Dollar Awards Program) that was to be given to her coaches. (Mediacorp Press Ltd. 2016).This fact has destroyed her public reputation. Reasons why Feng Tianwei refused to pay $400K to her coaches According to Mediacorp Press Ltd. (2016), The main reason why Feng Tianwei refused to pay that money to her coaches is; she claims the price for the Multi-Million Dollar Awards Program was little as from her expectation. By analyzing that statement, $3M is not a little money. There must have been an internal conflict between Feng Tianwei and her coaches. Its unusual for a trainee to refuse to pay their coach after going through hard times together. Possible reason for that issue was the coach was not giving her effective training modules to follow. According to The Online Citizen (2015), After that issue had emerged, her contract represents Singapore in the international competitions was terminated. Since then, she has made an extra step to look for a new coach. Singapore sports organization board need to be transparent with its athletes regarding their compensation for national/ international athletic competitions to prevent this issue from arising again in the 2018 Olympics. The government of Singapore should also work out a payment plan for coaches nationwide. It is not right for an athlete to spend money from their pocket to pay coaches. In any case, an athlete is supposed to pay the coach; it should be as a result of good faith. Feng Tianwei is expected to create time to interact with her inner self and evaluate her late behaviors. She needs to revisit her past and acknowledge her background. This fact will help her to get back to her senses and realize that it is not always about money when participating in sports. There are things that money cant buy such as self-respect and reputation. The moment she will be in a position to acknowledge this simple fact, she will be in a better position to handle monetary matters professionally. If s he is in a position to solve this issue before the 2018 Olympics that are to be held in Singapore, she will get peace of mind and more time to concentrate on practicing for her career. Challenges that Feng Tianwei might face while implanting this program Feng Tianwei has currently been dropped out of the Singapore Table Tennis Association (STTA) because of her misconduct. She is currently looking for a new contract. Mr. Mangat donated $25,000 to SPMF after participating at the Singapore Holding in Toa Payoh and Joseph also donated $5,000 to SPMF after winning the competition hosted by the Eurasian Association (Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Co. Regn, 2016). The government of Singapore might not be lenient to address Fengs issue of the greed of money considering what Mr. Mangat and Joseph demonstrated after donating some money to the country. Nevertheless, it might take time for the sports department of Government of Singapore to come up with effective payment structure for coaches in Singapore to get good allowances without depending on money earned by athletes. Conclusion It is clear that Feng Tianwei can no longer represent Singapore on the national/ international competitions. However, this fact does not limit her from getting another contract from another country. She needs to think fast and apologize to the public regarding her greed to give back to the community. The government of Singapore might give her a second chance and renew her contract to represent Singapore in national/ international table tennis competition. If she does not get another contract from Singapore, She has the privilege of going back to China and enrolls as an athlete back to her mother country. Her experience in Singapore has equipped her to become a better sportswoman. Her Mental status enables her to practice in any environment. However, she needs to stay away from negative energy and concentrate on her career. Her IQ level indicates that when she is in her best state of mind, she sets goals and always achieve her objectives. She is a hard working lady. Feng always gets the best out of her talent and skills. She needs to improve on her attitude to take correction given by her coach and focus on her career by avoiding all sort of distractions affecting her career. Other than those few remarks, Feng Tianwei has a mental score of 65 which is great for any athlete. By considering the facts discussed above, Feng Tianwei is likely to gain back her glory and perform better in the 2018 Olympics that are to be held in Singapore. Referencing Mediacorp Press Ltd. (2016). We set you thinking: Feng Tianwei axed for ill-discipline, disrespect, and misconduct (Online) Retrieved From https://www.todayonline.com/sports/feng-tianwei-axed-disrespect-ill-discipline-misconduct Retrieved date: 28th12/2016. The Online Citizen. (2015). the curious case of Feng Tianwei and why an open investigation is needed (Online) Retrieved From: https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/10/29/the-curious-case-of-feng-tianwei-and-why-an-open-investigation-is-needed/ Retrieved date: 28th12/2016. Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Co. Regn. (2016) SPORT: Table tennis: Feng Tianwei cut from national squad in a shock move by STTA (Online) Retrieved From https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/table-tennis-feng-tianwei-cut-from-national-set-up-as-stta-rejuvenates-squad Retrieved date: 28th12/2016. Mediacorp Press Ltd. (2016). We set you thinking: Feng Tianwei says she will play on despite STTA axe. (Online) Retrieved From: https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/stta-axes-multiple-olympic-medallist-feng-tianwei-national-team Retrieved date: 28th12/2016. Unscrambled.sg. (2016). Why we think Feng Tian Wei has been cut from the national team. (Online) Retrieved From https://www.unscrambled.sg/ Retrieved date: 28th12/2016. Sports BuzZ. (2016). Feng Tianwei cut from national squad in stun move by STTA. (Online) Retrieved From: https://sportsbuzz.info/feng-tianwei-cut-national-squad-stun-move-stta/. Retrieved date: 28th12/2016.

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte Essays (796 words) -

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte In Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre, the main character faces many struggles. One of the struggles she faces is the temptation to run away with the man she loves and be his mistress or to marry a man who offers her the contrary where it would be a legal and highly respectable marriage but with no genuine love. Jane Eyre returns to Rochester because she values love and passion more than reason and when she hears his mysterious voice calling for her, she is also sure that Rochester and her share a spiritual link. Jane must decide between two men who have similar characteristics but are offering her almost exact opposite relationships. Jane must decide between reason and passion which is on of the main themes in the novel. The characteristics of the two men, who propose to Jane, conjure and symbolize the themes in Jane Eyre. Although, Rochester and St. John offer Jane entirely different relationships both men are noticeably selfish and disregard Jane's feelings to some degree. Both men are strong-willed, powerful, and stubborn about their ways of thinking and living. This is especially seen in St. John as Jane describes her cousin as being "as stiff about urging his point" as possible. They believe that want they do is in the best interest of Jane and use unfair methods to tempt Jane into going against her own morals. Rochester tries to convince Jane to run away with him by using the tragic story of his marriage to Bertha Mason. His story makes Jane feel sympathetic and only makes her "work more difficult." Rochester turns to emotional blackmail when Jane still resists him. He tries to use her affection towards him to his advantage by accusing her of pushing him "back on lust for a passion ? vice for an occupation." He questions her on whether "it is better to drive a fellow-creature to despair than to transgress a mere human law...?" St. John, on the other hand, is far more convinced that he knows what is truly best for Jane. His plan for her is moral and appeals to her loyalty and idealism about God. He claims her "not for pleasure" but for his "Sovereign service." But Jane must refuse him too because of her strong belief in that there must be love between two people for them to unite in marriage. St. John does not understand Jane's passionate nature, for him passion is an earthly emotion which must be put aside so that God can be served. He, himself, sacrifices his love for Rosamond Oliver because he thinks she would not make a good missionary's wife whereas Jane would but he does not truly love her. St. John uses his own ways to try to manipulate Jane but he does also try to use her affection towards him to his advantage. Unlike Rochester, St. John uses religious arguments to try to convince Jane to marry him. He tells her that her rejection is not of him but of God. He believes "it is the cause to God" he advocates and "it is under His standard" that he enlists Jane. But Jane states that she could never marry a man who is "as cold as an iceberg" and "has no more of a husband's heart." She "scorns the counterfeit sentiment" he offers to her and scorns his "idea of love." When his forceful attempts fail, he changes to a gentle tone which almost wins over Jane but in her confusion and sadness is when she hears Rochester's voice call out for her. Rochester's voice is speaking "in pain and woe, wildly, eerily, urgently" which sends Jane heading back to Thornfield. This time, it is not Jane's conscience but her passion and love for Rochester which convinces her to not marry St. John. Jane returns to Thornfield stronger morally and spiritually than before and finds that Rochester has changed for the better. Both characters have changed through the novel after suffering through hardships which indicates they should be together. Jane gradually matures through the whole novel but the most significant stage is after she leaves Thornfield. She learns her hunger and her need for shelter are her problems. Unlike her experiences at Gateshead and Lowood, Jane handles herself in a much more dignified manner when she arrives at the Moor House. Jane proves the housekeeper wrong by answering in a civil manner when the housekeeper believes Jane is a beggar. Jane learns to accept responsibility for herself and her actions. Rochester changes

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Outline: I will investigate the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the amount of catalyst added to the reaction. I will use hydrogen peroxide and speed pu the decomposition of it by adding manganese(IV), MnO2 as catalyst.Fair test:In order to maintain fair test conditions I will control variables that will affect the rate of reaction.The factors that are able to affect the rate of reaction include:* Temperature* Surface Area* Concentration* CatalystSince I am investigating the relationship between rate of reaction and catalysts, the other 3 factors will remain constant throughout the experiment.Temperature: At higher temperatures, the faster moving particles have more kinetic energy. This means they are moving quicker and will collide more often and with more energy, causing an increase in the number of effective collisions.Surface Area: If more surface area is available, the number of particles of the solid reactant available for collision will increase. However, I am d ealing with hydrogen peroxide (liquid) then there isnt a surface area for me to control.Concentration: More concentrated solutions contain more particles in the same space, making them more likely to collide. The increase in the number of collisions with sufficient energy increases the rate of reaction.These explain why I would need to control those factors because they would affect my results dramatically. I will keep them constant:Temperature: room temperature, temperature of hydrogen peroxide (17.C)Surface area: n/aConcentration: 5 volumes (halved the maximum which is 10 volumes, ratio 1:1)However, for room temperature, I will do all experiments in the same room hopefully the temperature remains constant in that one room.Safety:Whilst this experiment is relatively safe, there are still safety considerations that must be adhered to:* Due to the dangerous nature of many of the compounds involved in this experiment, it is important that safety goggles or safety glasses are worn duri ng all tests.* It is equally important to avoid skin contact with the compounds, as some are irritants. This can be done by ensuring that a suitable method is followed precisely so that there are no unexpected events that would lead to skin contact.Accuracy and Reliability:I will take 3 measurements of oxygen produced at each reading I will take. I will then use the arithmetic mean of these measurements in my analysis to calculate average rate of reaction. This should help to minimize unreliable results. Whilst I am doing my experiment, I will note the results down on a table, in order to spot any obvious anomalies.The measurements themselves will be taken as carefully as possible. Time will be measured using the stop-watch (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.1 second), volume of gas produced with the gas syringe (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), the mass of the powdered manganese oxide with measuring balance (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) and the volume of hydrogen peroxide with a m easuring cylinder (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5ml)Prediction:I predict that the grater the amount of manganese oxide, MnO2, is added to the solution, the greater the rate of reaction decomposition.The formula for this decomposition is:H2O2 (aq) =; 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)Hydrogen peroxide =; Water + OxygenThe manganese dioxide is present to be acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts would lower the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so, the rate of reaction will be increased. Since more catalyst is present, it means there are more surface area of the catalyst so more molecules will be able to react faster.Method:1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram.2. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 20ml of hydrogen peroxide and use another measure cylinder to measure 20ml of distilled water.3. Measure 0.02g of manganese oxide using a measuring scale (remember to put a paper tower on the scale first so that manganese oxide wouldnt be able to direct ly touch the scale, which might cause malfunction to the scale if manganese oxide goes in the internal of the scale)4. Put the manganese oxide into a flask and put the 20ml of distilled water into the flask as well.5. Reset (push the gas syringe back to 0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ if needed) the gas syringe if needed, and then put the 20ml of hydrogen peroxide into the flask and start the stop watch.6. Observe the gas syringe and take note of the volume of gas (in this case oxygen) produced every 10 sec, 20 sec, 30 sec, 40 sec, 50 sec and 60 sec.7. Repeat step 2-6 for 0.04g, 0.06g, 0.08g and 0.1g of manganese oxide but must clean the flask before using it again.8. After obtaining all of the results, repeat each one 2 more times.Diagram:Pretest:I did a few pretests:0.01g manganese oxide and 10 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520203031404150506060By using 0.01g of manganese oxide, the maximum reached is already 60cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, therefore I thought if I used 0.1g, the limit of the gas syringe (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) will be reached with less than 60 sec, so I have decided to try and reduce the concentration and see whether it is a good choice.0.1g manganese oxide and 5 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520313040404950566061Later, I tried using only 10ml of hydrogen peroxide but it wasnt enough for my experiment and it caused a limiting factor very soon in the experiment (when I tested 0.04g of manganese oxide) due to the shortage of hydrogen peroxide molecules for decomposing.The second pretest gave me good range of results to use and it didnt reach the gas syringes limit (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) so that wouldnt limit my results. Also, in the result taking, I realized that I would need a lot of time to refill my catalyst and liquids, therefore I have chosen to only do 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1. This will give me a good range of results to calculate the rate of reaction and also sufficient for supporting my prediction.Obtaining:Here is the tables of results to show the volume of gas produced using different amounts of catalysts. I will also show the average:0.02g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00104343.673.67207687.003.333010111211.004.004014151514.673.675020192019.675.006023232423.333.670.04g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00105876.676.672013141313.336.673020191919.336.004029302829.009.675035353635.336.336042414041.005.670.06g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001010111110.6710.672022212021.0010.333032303331.6710.674040394140.008.335046484646. 676.676051505050.333.670.08g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001018181617.3317.332031302930.0012.673040414140.6710.674048474546.676.005055545554.678.006062616261.677.000.10g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001031313331.6731.672045474545.6714.003053525453.007.334060615960.007.005068676767.337.336073727272.335.00I have taken the chance to add in another column (average gain in gas produced from previous reading) to show whether there is a certain pattern.Analysis:My graph clearly shows that as I increase the amount of manganese oxide, I will increase the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This supports my prediction fully (prediction: the grater the amount of manganese oxide is added to the solution, the greater the rate of re action decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:H2O2 (aq) = 2H2O (l) + O2 (g))We can clearly see that with the line of best fit drawn the points are not that far away from this line, showing a quite strong relationshipThe rate of the decomposition (when the reaction is at its 20th second) for 0.02g of catalyst used is 0.35cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.04g it is 0.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.06g it is 1.05cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.08g it is 1.5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec and for 0.10g it is 2.28cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec. This also supports my prediction because the rate of decomposition is increasing when the amount of catalyst increases. I chose to use 20th second into the reaction to calculate the rate because at the 20th second, all the reactions hasnt yet used up or near used up the hydrogen peroxides, therefore not reaching the point where there arent enough, which will cause a slow down in the rate.In theory, the graph should show a steep gradient at the beginning of the decomposition. By looking at th e graph, it does show a steeper gradient at the beginning but not for the line of best fit of 0.02g and 0.04g, this might be because the rate of decomposition is too slow to see any real effect. However, the other 3 lines show a steep gradient in the beginning. The end of the lines (0.06g, 0.08g and 0.10g) all tend to approach a point where it will stop the reaction (can be seen by the curve). The line for 0.10g has the greatest curve. This is because there are most catalyst compared to the others, therefore increases the rate of decomposition the fastest. The manganese oxide has therefore acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts has lowered the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so the rate of reaction has increased. So the more manganese oxide means lowering the activation energy more effectively. A catalyst basically works like:If without catalyst, the energy for the reaction to take place is relatively high, but if a catalyst is ad ded, the activation energy lowers, therefore enabling the reactants to react with less energy. The activation energy of the reaction is about 75 kJ/mol in the absence of catalyst. The activation energy of the reaction is about 58 kJ/mol if manganese oxide is added to the reaction.However, towards the bottom end of the graph the lines (0.06g, 0.08g, 0.10g) are a lot shallower compared to the start. This shallower lines show that it is finding it hard to produce oxygen at a fast rate because there are not enough molecules left to decompose itself.Some of the results could be wrong, however I can still pull some conclusions from this and one is that we can definitely see that as the amount of manganese oxide increases, the faster oxygen is produced.Evaluation:Overall I think I carried out this investigation to my greatest capabilities.The data that I collected was fairly reliable because of the strong correlation and the accuracy of my experiment was reasonable. It also was enough to s upport my prediction. However, there are some anomalies which might be caused by several errors such as:1. The measuring balance wasnt exactly accurate because sometimes the more I add, the more the mass reading on the balance decreases.2. My reaction time, because even though I try my fastest to obtain the results, I will still be around 0.5 1.5 sec off from the correct time to take the results.There was also a big problem:As soon as the Manganese Dioxide touched the Hydrogen Peroxide, oxygen was produced straightaway. So I lost quite a lot of gas before we put the bung on. I tried to counter this problem by adding the hydrogen peroxide last because liquid is easy to transfer to the flask compared to transferring manganese oxide because the powder might possibly stick to the top of the flask and unable to go down to the hydrogen peroxide. Also, I started the countdown the second the bung was fitted on properly as soon as the oxygen was going up the flask.A major cause for concern on accuracy was the reading of the overall measurement of the oxygen produced but also the measurements of hydrogen peroxide and water used for the experiment. So if these miss-readings were carried out through the whole investigation then my results will be quite a long way out.Looking back on experiment I believe that there are many ways to improve it. One way is the accuracy of the measuring of the catalyst this can be done by requesting a new scale which should not have any chances of any faulty measurements. This would make every measurement of catalyst I take virtually no faults at all.My graph is very basic and one way to improve this will be to increase my range of tests, this will allow me to know where exactly the point where no more oxygen can be created is. Maybe doing until 2 minutes (120 sec) will allow me to locate where it is. I think the timing was as accurate and reliable as it could be, but only a second or third experiment would back that up fully. The equipment we used was reasonable but not the best, but for the conditions we were based in it was the best we were going to get.I could investigate on what type of catalysts is more effective for the speeding up of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Possible catalyst selections include:* Manganese IV oxide (MnO2)* Zinc oxide (ZnO)* Lead IV oxide (PbO2)* Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)* Iron III oxide (Fe2O3)* Copper II oxide (CuO)* Copper III oxide (Cu2O)This might help me understand more about catalyst and what type of metals are best for catalysts, such as: transition metals.I could investigate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and keeping the catalyst constant, and also I can investigate on the effects of pH with rates of reaction.

Get a Free JavaScript Download

Get a Free JavaScript Download Unlike other languages that can be used in a web browser, JavaScript doesnt need to be downloaded and installed. Browsers that support JavaScript have it built into the browser, where it is turned on by default (meaning that typically, youll need to change your browser settings only if you dont want the browser to run JavaScript). The only exception is that Internet Explorer also supports vbScript the same way, and the two languages are controlled via settings called active scripting rather than a setting that reference JavaScript specifically. What you will need to download with JavaScript, then, is not the scripting language itself, but rather those scripts that you want to run in your web page (assuming that you have decided not to learn JavaScript so you can write it all yourself). JavaScript Downloads Are Free There is no need to pay for scripts written in JavaScript, because just about any script imaginable is available somewhere as a free JavaScript download. What you need to be careful of, though, is to obtain them from a site that is actually offering the scripts as a free download, rather than just copying the scripts from any site. JavaScript code that performs any significant task will be subject to copyright, so you will permission from the author to use his or her script. The task the JavaScript is doing is not able to be copyrighted, however, so if you are writing a script yourself, you cant get into trouble for looking at an existing script to see how the programmer did it and then writing your own version. But if you are just looking for free JavaScript downloads, then you should go to a site where the author specifically states that his or her script is available as a free download and can be used on your site. There are many sites that offer free JavaScript downloads, including several huge sites that only offer JavaScript downloads, as well as other sites (such as this one) that offer free JavaScript downloads and also have tutorials on how to write the scripts for yourself. Advantages of Getting Free JavaScript Downloads Apart from avoiding copyright issues, there are other advantages to getting your free JavaScript downloads from a site that is actively offering the scripts. The main one is that such sites usually provide step-by-step instructions on how to actually install and use the script. Where you just grab a script from anywhere, not only are you stealing a script but also you wont get instructions on how to install it or support if you cant get it to work. Another thing to watch for when you are getting your free JavaScript downloads from an appropriate site is that many of these sites have been in existence for many years, and the way that JavaScript should be used has changed over time. In many cases, youll find scripts that were written many years ago to work on the most popular browsers available at that time browsers that are now long gone. Ideally, you should have at least some familiarity with what is currently considered the best way of writing JavaScript, so that you can choose the version that will work best with current browsers. You cant really blame the sites offering scripts that are not up to date. It does take time to code and test JavaScripts to make sure that they work correctly with the wide range of browsers in common use today. Having a somewhat dated script that still works available as a free download is certainly better than not having the script available at all. The biggest sites specializing in free JavaScript downloads usually offer scripts written by a lot of different people, and they rely on someone actually writing a new version of a script before they can offer it for download. Other sites that have their own staff to write and test scripts may have limited resources for being able to create updated versions of scripts, and so they may be offering older scripts until they can make updates. Updating Free JavaScripts One thing to remember when you obtain free JavaScripts for your site is that theres no reason to continue running the same version of the script forever. When a more modern version of the script is made available as a free download, you can always update your page and replace the old script with the new one. This is particularly easy where the new version of the script is offered as a direct replacement for the script you are currently using, but it shouldnt be all that hard even if you get it from a completely different source. The number and variety of scripts offered for free download  mean  that no matter what sort of JavaScript you want to add to your page, you should be able to find several sites offering one or more variations on such scripts. Only when you get to the stage where you require a script that directly interacts with custom code within your web page (such as for form field validation) will you be unable to find a free JavaScript download that does everything for you without your having to code any of it yourself. Even in such situations, you should be able to find free downloads that provide you with pieces of code that will do at least a part of what you need, along with instructions on how to attach such code fragments together to do what you require. Even those who move on to writing their own JavaScript rather than relying on pre-written free downloads can make use of free downloads. Along with complete scripts for performing a variety of simple tasks, there are also code libraries available as free downloads that will provide common functionality that will make writing your own JavaScript much easier. For those want to learn  to program, one of the biggest advantages of JavaScript is that it is all free. You dont need to pay for anything to get started.  The JavaScript language  itself is built into all the browsers you need for  testing the scripts, and there are plenty of free JavaScript downloads of complete scripts and libraries that you can either use as is or examine to see how things work in order to write your own code.

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Tort Law - Essay Example This essay focusess on describing the tort laws, that today can mainly be divided into three huge parts including negligence torts, strict liability torts and intentional torts. The researcher explores the intentional torts in the essay that are offences that are committed by an individual who intends to harm as he commits the act knowing that injury would be the result of his or her act such as an assault. On the other hand, negligence is a type of tort that results unexpectedly. The action is normally not intended to harm while the actor does not know the result of the act. The researcher states that in the negligence act, the action leading to injury is not intended unlike the intentional tort. For example, the trespass of land and negligence are different from nuisance case. For instance, the researcher mentiones that in the nuisance cases actions deal with repetitive injuries while the trespass and negligence actions offer relief even if the injury resulted from one event. In th e second part of the essay, the researcher discusses various compensatory law issues and vicarious liability. There are various goals of compensatory damages that were decribed by the researcher. The main goal of compensatory damages is compensate the personal injury and property damages, that were caused and proved. Vicarious liability mainly is another issue covered in the essay, the issue arises in regard to specific relationships between the defendant and another in the part of defendant to the other party.

Women in Media & Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in Media & Politics - Essay Example For the last thirty years feminists have challenged conventional assumptions about the role of women in society. The revived New Right and the women's movement have been struggling to define the terms of the public debate in 'culture wars.' The political agenda has become deeply polarized by issues such as affirmative action, abortion rights, and welfare reform" (Norris 1). When we see world history then we come to know that women have served key positions in the high political offices. In western countries like Britain, USA the attitudes have definitely changed regarding women's leadership positions. In Britain, for example, a woman has held the highest office of Prime Minister as well. These Western countries not only themselves are undergoing change but they are also heavily influencing the lifestyle and work related attitude of women in developing nations. Women became heads of states and political parties in third world countries like India, Pakistan, and Srilanka, Nepal etc. "Nevertheless, women have made great improvements in representation and participation in global politics. Thirty years ago, women in the U.S., for instance, composed less than five percent of all state legislatures; in Senegal, there were no women in the National Assembly; rapists could not be prosecuted in many Latin American countries; women in France could not get a divorc e; females in Cambodia could not vote; and pigs were considered by many male peasants to be worth more than wives in Paraguay. Even though there still are obstacles to women's participation and representation, females have become more involved in politics" (Patterson 14) The changes brought about in the area of politics in particular were gradual and slow. Women had to counter a lot of bias and prejudice when they looked for high offices. Even media and fiction depicted women as subordinates rather than leaders" All these stereotypes and concepts inculcated an inferior and suppressive outlook to women and so their motivation to achieve higher goal were greatly affected. These trends still exist but things have changed and are changing. "When the news media imply that women are anomalies in high public office, the public is likely to regard them as bench warmers rather than as an integral part of government. In Senator Barbara Boxer's phrase, they are frequently depicted as "strangers in the Senate" -- and in the House and the governor's mansion. More women than ever hold high-level government positions, yet they are still portrayed by the media as novelties" (Braden 2). Women today hold prominent positions in media in the fields of journalism, movies, television and print worldwide. There are different prominent names that have contributed positively to not just media but they have also affected women in other fields like politics. Previously, the field of publishing was considered a man's world but today big publishing houses, newspapers and magazines have women holding powerful positions. Janet Robinson runs a company that owns a newspaper, The New York Times Co. that has won 90 Pulitzer Prizes. Stacey Snider of Universal Pictures is another name in the field of movies. While discussing prominent names, we cannot forget the name of Oprah Winfrey who is considered a powerful name in the media business and who has also been socially active. Women like these have become a benchmark for other women who not only

Conservatism and Liberalism Essay Example for Free

Conservatism and Liberalism Essay While there are a multitude of political philosophies in the United States, two have emerged as the dominant and pre-eminent philosophies. They are, of course, liberalism which name derives from liberty and conservatism which derives from conserving the constitution. While there is nothing inherently wrong with either philosophy the minefield of political exclusivity has led to a bitter dispute between both factions that have raged for decades. Many of these disputes are ideological as there are pronounced differences between the two philosophies. In this essay, two major differences will be examined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One common difference is that liberalism prefers that a centralized government will guide the economy. Conservatism prefers that the government would play a smaller role in the economy with the hopes that the market will govern itself. In terms of public policy, this has led to a number of battles over regulation vs. deregulation, increased taxes vs. decreased taxes, etc with ach having varying degrees of success at different points in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of foreign policy, conservatism has always stressed American exceptionalism whereas liberalism has stressed a more unified one world approach to government. The effect this has had on public policy over the years is evidenced in how often or how little American foreign policy is vetted through the United Nations or under accordance with allies overseas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course, there are many more differences between the two but these two examples illustrate major differences between the two on both domestic and international levels.

Graduation Speech: God Has a Plan for You -- Graduation Speech, Commen

In "Surprised By Joy," C.S. Lewis tells of a mistake that he had observed regarding joy or what he calls "thrills." Lewis realized that what he had first thought to be joy, was actually not joy at all because it began to fade away. He had assumed that he was seeking after the "thrill" itself. He says, "And there lies the deadly error. Only when your whole attention and desire are fixed on something else ... does the 'thrill' arise. It is a by-product. Its very existence presupposes that you desire not it but something other and outer." He realized that when he focused his attention on obtaining the "thrill" of joy, that he was actually focused on himself. True joy is not experienced when one desires joy itself, but when one has his eyes on something else. As believers, the "other and outer" that we have the opportunity to look to is God! God draws us to Himself, our soul responds to Him and in return, He fills our soul with joy. That is portrayed in the words of the Psalmist who says in Psalm 43:3-4, "O send our Your light and Your truth, Let them lead me; Let them bring me t...

Life Span Perspectives Paper

In order to truly understand the life span perspectives we must first define developmental psychology, which is a field that falls under the topic of psychology that is centered on describing how individuals change and grow throughout the stages of their life. This field has also been noted to be one of the more popular fields to be studied. We, as humans, must first grasp the concept that before there can be an outcome there has to be a process or a beginning. We can always trace anything that exists back to a beginning, for people this beginning is birth and the developmental processes that follow are individual pieces of the life processes. Charles Darwin had a longing to understand just what evolution was and exactly how it worked; from this desire he drew the study of lifespan development. Adolescence and norms were first introduced to those in the field of science by way of a G. Stanley Hall publication (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Within this book these scholarly individuals could read about the first observational studies of children. Within this paper you will find the definition of lifespan development, a description of the many characteristics of the lifespan perspective, and the identifying factors of the human developmental domains and periods. Lifespan Development We recognize that within the lifespan there had to be a beginning; we know this because of the work of Charles Darwin. Darwin began the inner workings of human developmental studies and those early evolutionists who shared his opinions were soon to join in his studies. Darwin’s goal was to prove his theory of evolution; it was his belief that his best chance of proving his theory was to engage in intense studies of human development (Boyd & Bee, 2006). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, a lifespan is the average amount of time that an organism, material, or object can be expected to survive or last. If we look for further detail and look for the definition of development, we find that development based on biology is the process of organic growth in an individual organism, we also see that this an be defined as a biological occurrence of events in which an organism changes gradually from a simple to a more complex level (Collins English Dictionary, 2003). When we combine these two individual words we end up with a term that defines the individual changes associated with life progresses that can be tracked in correspondence to the individual’s age. People will change many times over throughout their lifetime; these developme ntal periods are the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In order for one to experience growth developmental change must occur. Life span development will occur over and over, again and again throughout the individual’s life time. Although there are positives and negatives in the developmental process, developmental research and advances will continue to occur throughout an individual’s entire life cycle. Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective All individuals develop on their own schedule and at their own pace, depending on many internal and external factors. Due to improved nutrition and health and medical knowledge a sharp rise in the average life expectancy has recently been observed. The characteristics of the lifespan perspective are lifelong, multidirectional, plasticity, contextual, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional. One’s development continues throughout their lifespan, there is no certain age that appears to be heavier in this area than others. Continued growth paired with decline affects development which can be said to attribute to the multidirectional portion of the lifespan. Many will seem to focus on the plasticity of the human lifespan, one can see this in the example of a child who has been malnourished, this child may suffer from a diminished intellect but given proper nutrition over an extended period of time the child will, indeed, regain much f the lost function and should eventually catch up to the average for his age. There are many outside forces that have a great effect on human development, these forces can be biological, historical, social, and cultural (Berk, 2007). Lifespan Domain Human Development domains all work together and are affected by one another. The categories of the domains of development are social, physical, and cognitive (Boyd & Bee, 2006). The social domain encases the changes that one may find necessary in order to adapt to a new social environment, or situation, this might include developing and maintaining relationships, and improvement upon general social skills. The physical domain can be defined as the way the humans change their physical appearance. A good example of a physical change is when a child enters puberty, and again as the child becomes elderly. Within this domain it is seen that as the physical appearance changes so will the views that the individual possesses in life. Human Development Periods Psychoanalytic, cognitive, and learning are the three theories that have been shown to produce the most information on human development (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Within these theories we can find information that best explains how one transitions from one moment within their life and essentially evolves to the next level. In discussing human development we must recognize the age old debate of nature versus nurture. Within this theory we must ask which, if either, is truly the strongest influence? Does the environment or genetics play the biggest part in this factor? Conclusion There are many answers that are yet to be discovered in the field of psychology in spite of the fact that there have already been so many discoveries. In the beginning there was Darwin and his theory of evolution†¦.. we do not yet know where the end may take us.

Decontamination and Waste Management Essay

1.1.  Identify different reasons people communicate. A:   People communicate for a variety of reasons. There are several different reasons why people communicate. People communicate each other to: express needs, share ideas, information, to express feelings, to give information and instructions. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay 1.2.  Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of your own work. A:  Effective communication is vital for the social care worker. The service user and the social worker need to understand each other clearly in order for the service user to receive the best possible care. Successful communication involves the social care worker speaking clearly and using phrases and sentences that service users can understand. This also involves the social care worker communicating clearly and openly with other members of staff, the manager and other professionals so as to make sure that the best possible care is provided and that this is done so reliably. 1.3.  Explain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating with them. A:  The social care worker should always observe an individual’s reactions to see whether he or she fully understands what you have said to them. If the service user for example looks confused then the social care worker must then adapt their communication and re-phrase the question or statement. In this way communication will be effective. It is also important to observe an individual’s reactions so as to spot anything that may be worrying them or upsetting them; the social care worker will then have to change their approach – this may be noticed through the service user’s change in facial expression or body language. 2.1.  Find out an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes and preferences. A:  Lady A (Dementia): She likes when somebody use simply words, short sentences and not to loud. Lady B (hearing problems): She likes when staff talk to her louder. Lady C (Autism): She likes when we use the same answers for the same questions. 3.1.  Identify barriers to effective communication. A:  Barriers to communication can occur because of speech difficulties due to disabilities or illness for example learning disabilities, dementia, deafness poor eyesight or a stroke. A noisy environment and differences in languages spoken and cultures can also be barriers. 3.4   Identify sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communication. A:  Sources of information and support are immediately available for the social care worker from the supervisor or manager of my care home. There are also specialist services like speech language therapists, translators and interpreters. Further sources could be the internet and the library. 4.1 Explain the term confidentiality. A:  Confidentiality means any information that is held about a particular person is privileged and private. It is the duty of all social care workers to make certain that this information is accessible only to those authorized to have access to it. 4.3 Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on. A:  Information about an individual should normally only be shared on a need-to-know basis. All information held within my care home is confidential to the care home as a whole. Other situations where confidential information might need to be passed on is when the individual or someone else is at risk of danger, harm or abuse. 4.4   Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality. A:  I would always seek advice from my supervisor or my manager at the earliest opportunity if and when I saw that the information about a service user was being put at risk by the careless behaviour of for example a colleague at work. Depending on the urgency I would either ask them in private in the office or raise this in my supervision.

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness The words and phrase cerca, cercano and cerca de are very commonly used in Spanish to indicate proximity or closeness in location, time, number or degree. Most common is cerca de, which is used as a preposition. Common translations include by, near, about and close to: Cerca de 12 millones de personas sern vacunadas contra la fiebre amarilla. About 12 million people will be vaccinated against yellow fever. Hay muchos hoteles cerca de Disney World. There are many hotels by Disney World. Quiero estar cerca de ti siempre. I want to always be close to you. Los activistas dicen que Cataluà ±a est cerca de la abolicià ³n de la tauromaquia. The activists say Catalonia is close to bringing an end to bullfighting. Despliega Colombia 22 batallones cerca del là ­mite con Venezuela. Colombia is deploying 22 battalions near the border with Venezuela. Hay una buena probabilidad de que veamos una estabilizacià ³n de los precios cerca de febrero o marzo, dijo el presidente. Theres a good chance well see a stabilization of prices around February or March, the president said. Cerca by itself functions as an adverb: El fin del mundo est cerca. The end of the world is near. Hay cuatro tranvà ­as que pasan cerca. There are four streetcars that pass nearby. Tan cerca y a la misma vez tan lejos. So close, and yet so far away. El asteroide pasar tan cerca que podremos verlo. The asteroid will pass so close well be able to see it. El triunfo est cerca. Victory is near. The adjective form is cercano: Tenemos una casa cercana al aeropuerto. We have a house near the airport. Descubre tus cinco amigos ms cercanos en Facebook. Find your five closest friends on Facebook. El futuro (aà ºn no cercano) est en la computacià ³n molecular. The future (but not the near future) is in molecular computing. A few related words have other meanings: The verb cercar typically means to surround or to enclose: Los estudiantes cercaron las oficinas. The students surrounded the offices.The noun la cerca typically refers to a fence or wall. El concepto de la cerca electrificada fue descrita por primera vez por Mark Twain. The concept of an electric fence was described for the first time by Mark Twain.The phrase acerca de usually means about in the sense of concerning: Hablaban acerca de nosotros. They were talking about us.

The Life and Achievements of Albert Einstein

The Life and Achievements of Albert Einstein Legendary scientist Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) first gained worldwide prominence in 1919 after British astronomers verified predictions of Einsteins general theory of relativity through measurements taken during a total eclipse. Einsteins theories expanded upon  universal laws formulated by physicist Isaac Newton in the late seventeenth century. Before EMC2 Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. Growing up, he enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was when he came across a magnetic compass. The needles invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed him as a child. The compass convinced him that there had to be something behind things, something deeply hidden. Even as a small boy Einstein was self-sufficient and thoughtful. According to one account, he was a slow talker, often pausing to consider what he would say next. His sister would recount the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards. Einsteins first job was that of patent clerk. In 1933, he joined the staff of the newly created Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He accepted this position for life, and lived there until his death. Einstein is probably familiar to most people for his mathematical equation about the nature of energy,  E MC2. E MC2, Light and Heat The formula  EMC2 is probably the most famous calculation from Einsteins special theory of relativity. The formula basically states that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared (2). In essence, it means mass is just one form of energy. Since the speed of light squared is an enormous number, a small amount of mass can be converted to a phenomenal amount of energy. Or if theres a lot of energy available, some energy can be converted to mass and a new particle can be created. Nuclear reactors, for instance, work because nuclear reactions convert small amounts of mass into large amounts of energy. Einstein wrote a paper based on the  new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy similar to particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Plancks work had contained the first suggestion of discrete particles in energy. Einstein went far beyond this though and his revolutionary proposal seemed to contradict the universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating electromagnetic waves. Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by experimental physicists. For example, he explained how light ejects electrons from metals. While there was a well-known kinetic energy theory that explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless motion of atoms, it was Einstein who proposed a way to put the theory to a new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, he argued, the irregular bombardment by the liquids invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to move in a random jittering pattern. This should be observable through a microscope. If the predicted motion is not seen, the whole kinetic theory would be in grave danger. But such a random dance of microscopic particles had long since been observed. With the motion demonstrated in detail, Einstein had reinforced the kinetic theory and created a powerful new tool for studying the movement of atoms.

Discussion 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion 5 - Essay Example Their lifestyles are the subject of every news and media publication that is known to be saleable and universally appealing. The mentioning of Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta Jones’ wedding that amounted to â€Å"$1 million to entertain a guest list† (Rothman 192) was an example of this concept. Another relevant term is ‘class consciousness’ which is defined as a general awareness of distinctions in social classes that encompass knowledge on terms such as class awareness, class identification, class solidarity and class action (Rothman 207). As disclosed, the concept of class consciousness ranges from â€Å"the most basic and minimum acknowledgement that there is a hierarch of social classes to participation in overt action to enhance class-based shared interests† (Rothman 207). One strongly believes that class consciousness differs in level and scope of understanding depending also on the stratification of people in society. The information presented under the Quiet Millionaires written by Rothman (193) was likewise interesting and informative in terms of providing greater and significant insights on the lifestyles of a different segment of the rich and famous people, but those who opt to remain private and confidential in their respective endeavors. One of the noted personalities who exemplify this lifestyle was noted as Warren Buffet. As disclosed, â€Å"Warren Buffet, worth over $12 billion dollars, still lives in the same home he bought for $31,500 in 1958† (Rothman 193). The contents are highly indicative that not all rich and famous people lead an extravagant and a life of conspicuous consumption. There are also many who have returned and shared their riches through philanthropic endeavors, such as Bill and Melinda Gates, Michael and Susan Dell, and Ted Turner (Rothman 193) who had been noted to donate large sums of money for various noteworthy

Maximlianus as conscientious objector Assignment

Maximlianus as conscientious objector - Assignment Example The main change that came in society owing to the torture and killings that ensued after these protests brought in a major change in the society where people became aware of the injustice and wrong being done to others whom they ignored till then. The result was a massive awareness and movement to eradicate mention of violence in Christianity. As it is, it was pretty disgraceful to have violence become a part of Christianity even though it had to be through the conscientious efforts of Maximlianus. Therefore, we credit a major chunk of the educated and elite class shunning elements of torture and oppression to avoid recurrence of such violence in the history of Christianity to the efforts of Maximlianus.Islam and Christianity have both violent histories. What stories from Kurlansky can we find hope for a non-violent Christianity and Islam? (2 pages)Kurlansky runs a complete thesis in the context of trying to understand why and where non-violence went amiss in the glorious pasts of le ading religions of the world. Everybody understands that Christianity and Islam have had violence in their histories. But when we study the thesis brought forward by Kurlansky, we see that he has found the precise literary and scholarly articles to show why the religions could not enjoy peaceful histories. Let us begin by Buddha’s teachings of non-violence (BPF, 13). Buddhism has a non-violent history owing to the dictates of patience, love and perseverance. Kurlansky, instead of lifting ideals from the peaceful religions.

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Literacy Narrative - Essay Example At a moment, he had no prior role in my life while next moment he proved out to be a blessing in disguise, defining for me some purposefulness in life. I never had much regard for literacy and education but that event was pivotal in making me question my own ignorance and beliefs. A turning stone We were born and brought in Middle East, where Arabic was our primary native language while ability to speak English was an add-on. I never did much effort trying to learn other languages or seek education since Arabic sufficed all my needs to communicate on daily basis. I still can clearly visualize that day when I met Hashim for the first time at his home 6 years back when he invited Ali for lunch and Ali tagged me along. Hashim was only 11 years old then which makes him 5 years younger than me. After getting done with our meals, we rested in couch while Hashim connected his laptop to internet. After signing in to Windows Live Messenger, he called out to me, ‘Hey, give me your email address so I can add you to my friends’ list and we can chat online sometimes’. This came as a shock for me as I wasn’t expecting him to be so fluent at English, especially at such young age, that he was capable of chatting online in this language. I still had to hear it from him once so I confirmed and received his confident reply, ‘Yes, I can speak in English fluently’. ... Soon I was able to realize that he belongs to an extremely rich family who must have spent massive amounts of money on his education. Nevertheless, that moment I promised myself that I shall work on my English language and soon be a fluent at writing, speaking and understanding it. To enable this, the very next day I joined a language institute to improve my English and enhanced my fluency within few days. This was a turning stone for my life and career: I got accepted at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, one of the best reputable universities in gulf countries. Additionally, the first year was a probation year where we had to go through extensive testing, including two English courses where the mentors were native English speakers. This also gave me an edge to get a better grip on American as well as British English language, terminologies and accent and distinctions between them. Due to my strong skills in the language, I was easily able to survive the first year with excellent grades. Concluding remarks Owing to my embarrassing moment triggered by Hashim’s question, not only did I get an aim and direction in life to be determined about, I also became part of a prestigious educational institution, built a strong career and have excellent communication skills in English language as of today. This was a crucial milestone in my life which modified my beliefs and attitude towards literacy. I became more mature and responsible and developed respect for educational concerns. Moreover, I started helping people in my vicinity to overcome their communication problems so they do not have to face similar embarrassing situation

Human Resource Management: Leadership Styles

Human Resource Management: Leadership Styles In the global economy there is a competition especially in the retails sector. The customer satisfaction is a major driver for the organizational performance. The important determinant for customer satisfaction in the retail sector is about the employee attitude (Heskette et al., 1991). In the retail industry there cannot be satisfied customers when served by unhappy employers (Heskette et al., 1997). The organizational commitment of employees results in lower attrition rates and improves customer satisfaction (Marshall et al., 2001). One of the key determinants to employee attitude is attitude and leadership style of the immediate supervisor. Some of the leadership styles prevail upon the employees resulting job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a vital role in all organizations management. The importance of Human Resource Management is to increase the productivity form manpower resources day by day and it became a factor in the organizational strategic management. It gradually increases the human capital and organizational performance by managing them effectively (Delaney et al., 1997). The HRM must attract the well trained and skilful employees, training; provide guidelines to improve the efficiency of the work force and organization. The title human resource management has been generally known from the past ten or fifteen years. Even, the term is commonly used as personnel management. Dessler (1991) defined that there is no discrimination among personnel management and Human Resource Management and found that final as current extended adaptation of traditional personnel management because of the technological existence in work place changed social values. Torrington and Hall (1998) argued that the personnel management and the Human Resource Management are different because he divided the personnel management based on workforce center and HRM based on manpower resources. Guest (1987) concept on HRM is that human resource management is the alter not an alternative to the personnel management but it particularly concentrated on some elements of workers such as employee flexibility, commitment, integration and quality. But here is no any exact define for human resource management and so many definitions are existed Armstrong (1995) described HRM is a strategic and logical practice of the organizational management and its a main valuable asset. And HRM is used as employees participate as individual and also jointly to contribute their work to achieve particular organizational goals. The Importance of HR as a Source of Competitive Advantage Today, organizations considered that the human resources are the most valuable assets for competitive advantage and to sustain in a long time in the business. Many of work force assets are theoretically reviewed as resource based view (RBV) by (Barney, 1986, 1991, 1995). The (RBV) theory realized instead of build up a competitive advantage, they should shift to generate resource such an approach that the approach no one can imitate their style, rare, and no one can be substitute. But Pfeffer (1994), Barney (1986, 1991, 1995), Youndt and Wright (1996), Snell, Wright and McMahan (1992) are disagreed with the above statements the reason is that the history proved that the competitive advantage is frequently possible to imitate. And the organizational human resources can effectively influence and existence of the competitive advantage. The organizations RBV theoretical process is followed by the strategic management field. RBV revealed that the attributes and resources of an organization very essential for effective competitive advantage than organizational formation and also competition from rival firm (Barney, 1997). Resources are defined as an organization search and implement its strategies by using tangible as well intangible assets. (Barney, 2001). The above definition consists of all the organizational, financial, physical, human resources. Pisano and Shuen (1997) Barney (1991) and Teece have summarized that suppose a resource might measured a source to continue competitive advantage. So this assumption required some factors such as valuable resources, uncommon, incomparable and non replaceable. Organizations can obtain value form, natural resources economies and technologies, But RBV was not agreed because those resources are easily available to everyone and everywhere so anyone can imitate from anyone, whi lst defined human resources are the group of human resources under the organizations direction in straight employee relations (Wright McMahan, 1992) can become competitive advantage to the organization from their competitors. Initially this process adds value to the organizations productivity. The result would be positive by the contribution of the employees as a pool. Generally the inputs of the all employee are not equal so the outputs in the market are limited. So these kinds of resources cannot be easily imitated by the other organizations. But its very difficult for firms to understand which is the correct source to adopt their competitive advantage. So, this resources are cannot be simply replaceable. The management scientist Barney (1991) argued that firms cannot gain the highest efficiency from the employees who are working in their firms due to their employees commitment is less so they are not interested to put their maximum efficiency. It was found organizations must motivate the employees by motivating them and develop their knowledge, skill set, and abilities by adopting HRM practices. Approaches of HRM Examining the importance of HR practices in organizational performance, the major activities of human resources implemented RBV method (Barney, 1991, Delery, 1998). Adopting this technique the firm may obtain the competitive advantage. Although every firm may not obtain this competitive advantage by adopt these human resource practices. But the organization can minimize the rate of attrition (Delery, 1998). Anyhow this theoretical frame work and practices can affect the organizational relations as well as the practices. HRM and firm performance. According to Huselid (1995) found the results of using the thirteen Human Resource practice on organizational performance. He found tow types methods of HR practices. The first method concerned with skills firms structures. This was based on practices to improve abilities, skills and performance of the job responsibilities of the employee. The second method was to motivate the employee. For this they were approached to understand the behavior of the employee. Therefore they focused on employee satisfaction levels toward his job. However he found significantly the both methods results effects were positive on organizational performance. Therefore the number of researchers examined and revealed the relations between the firm performance and HR practices and various approaches are adopted. Finally the HR practices helps in organizational performance to enhance skills of the employees as well as motivate them towards their role by using positive approaches (Delery Doty, 1996). Leadership Defining Leadership Hemphills (1994) defined leadership in his simple way and in a very appropriate way. For this he summarized the classical definitions as leadership is to directing his group this one sentence he summed up the basic definition and dynamics of all leadershipthe directing of group achievements. He stated that the leader is the superior and the followers are subordinates even roles are concerned. Therefore the efficient leader delivers the effective process. Though, definitely the effective leadership administers the organizational achievement and performance positively. The leadership is one of important aspect human behaviours and well studied subject in the recent times. There are several forms definitions in the literatures for the leadership. The more accepted form of definition is influence theme. The leaders who influence people are to achieve the goals and increases organisational performance. It does not translate to that leader having control over his followers to achieve the goals which leader wants to achieve. The followers emulate the leaders attitudes to achieving desired goals. The leader is expected to leader the process of planning and execution of activities to achieve the organisational goals. There is a difference between the management and leadership, the management is concerned about the short-term issues in a company, where as leaders adopt and look into broader prospective. Most of the leadership theories are emerged in organizations to achieve their organizational objectives as well as their goals. The theories are focused on behaviours, traits, controlling and circumstances(Mintzberg, 1973). However the current theories are correlation centered. Where as the co operation between the leader and followers. The trait theory and behavioral theory could not clarify the effect of the leaders on followers. , behavioural can not explain the influence of leaders on the followers not only that there is no understanding among the definitions and measurement of effective leadership. The organizations realized that the effective leadership is required to lead and survive their business in the market. The recent development in the leadership type is transformational leadership which most suitable in the contemporary times. The transformational leadership also integrates the trait, behavioral and situational approaches (Figure 1). The transformational leadership recognizes that there are some traits in the people and they can observe, developed and learnt. The leader influences the followers behaving in certain ways. The relationship between the leader and follower is dictated by various situational factors. The central them to transformational leadership is that leader behavior is not solely based on the tangible inducements, rather based on the development of followers in their interest in resulting group productivity. In specific areas like educational institutes, business, family, hospital and political organization require an energetic leadership. The energetic and dynamic leadership is ready to offer quality of service. These dynamic leaders find new ideas and creativity get in to practice. Leadership Styles The types of leadership styles considered who is a leader, says and how he directs the followers. This study used in approach of authority and decision making. However an assessment on few selected leadership styles reveals a degree of leaders accountability with his employees. Lall and Lall (1979) listed the five leadership styles as follow: Autocratic Leadership style: The current generation of employees is resistant to autocratic leadership and hence received lot of criticism from academicians. This type of leadership style is applicable in certain situations where the staff is not well trained. In some cases where staff does not respond to other forms of leadership can be dealt with autocratic leadership. The autocratic leadership should not be used in where are staff would like to contribute with their inputs and knowledge based projects. The approach of autocratic leadership style concerned with the decision making power. This leadership style doesnt obtain contribution of their followers and they always fix that the staff accept their decisions. These leaders suggest only structured and inflexible rewards but they wouldnt support performance related compensation. These leaders must not concern of followers justifications even if they took wrong decisions. They often punish their sub-ordinates and they have fixed behavior. Therefore the staff cannot feel they are the part of the organization and there will not be any correlation. So the employee cannot contribute his maximum effort. The recent generation avoids this kind of leadership style. But this leadership style work out in some critical situations when the employees are not trained well and when the subordinates are not responding to other leadership styles. However this leadership style must not use where the employees are contribute with their skills, knowledge and willingness to work. Benefit: This leadership style usually get work done . Drawback: The sub ordinates just depend on the leaders decisions and there is no participation in making decisions. The followers personal growth put in risk. Bureaucratic Leadership Style This leadership style strictly follows the policies, rules, procedures and regulations blindly. This leadership style success where the repetitive work will be done frequently. In this style if the decision making is not according to the policies and procedure then they will go for another level of decision making. This kind of leadership well exist where dealing with accounting and cash in each section. But the staff may disinterest towards their work. This is well applicable to those who have minimum skills and the performance is not up to the mark. Benefits: Here every problem contains solution instantly without any practice. Drawback: this is well organized and has a tendency to depersonalize their group. Charismatic Leadership style In this leadership style, the leader concentrates on himself and try to be a charismatic. The subordinates transformed to champions of the cause Benefits: This kind of leadership needs many followers to support the leaders views, look after his origin. Drawbacks: This leadership style has a tendency to bend towards bureaucratic leadership style. Laissez Faire Leadership style This kind of leadership style doesnt influence the subordinate by guiding and directing. These leaders make their sub ordinate to make decisions without restrictions and the followers or subordinates make their decisions. This is the current leadership style where the organizations are following. In this style the leader must aware of the knowledge of their subordinates. Here the leader assumes, the staff is trained enough, intelligent and qualified. In the organization where knowledge based for e.g. software companies employees are enjoy working their own and solving problems. However this style of leadership may not worked out where the job security is low. The group members are competitive but tere is no any guidance and direction for the group therefore it creates problems. Benefits: each and every group member get the chance to make decisions. Drawbacks: This kind of leadership makes confusion among the team members as well as the leader. Democratic Leadership styles: This kind of leadership style is a contribution leadership. Here the leaders consider their subordinates efforts while decision making. The leader educates their group regarding the activities in which they are involving. Though the team participate form the beginning to execute it. It supports the group members in any situation. This democratic leadership performs as a coaching and motivating their group members in all areas. Although the staff contribution as a role. Therefore the employee compensation and reward will be based on his performance. The democratic style of leadership is most useful if the sub-ordinates are active and active participates in making decisions. However the multi type projects need contribution from other divisions and other employees. The technology based projects require the huge support form other divisions and also they are up to date. But the problems are not appropriate for these leaders. This kind of leadership strategies are obtained from collection of group employees Finally the democratic leadership is form of a participatory leadership where the leader takes into consideration of sub-ordinates inputs while making the decisions. The staff is well informed before hand regarding about the activities they are involved and the matter concerned to them. The staff has participatory role starting from planning, design and execution. This enables the staff to effectively deal with any problems during the execution. The democratic leaders act like a coach motivating the staff and instil the team culture in the organisations. The team work results in the large volumes of work in the short period of time. The democratic leaders receive support form staff and appreciate the importance given to their inputs. The democratic leader place trust on their staff allowing to them make decisions and develop their goals. These leaders allow professional growth of their staff and encourage career growth based on their performance. The employee reward and compensation is linked to the individual performance. Benefits: the growth of individuals developed through involvement in organizations operations. Drawbacks: the leader must support the decisions according the majority of the group. Employee Job Satisfaction The job satisfaction can defined as employee total attitude towards the work organisation and working conditions. The academicians focussed on the job satisfaction when the employment became significant part of the society. In the early days academicians focussed on studying the job satisfaction in the industrial environment and job satisfaction termed as work output. However over the period time job satisfaction definition transformed to attitudes of employees towards various situational factors in the work environment (Bullock, 2003). There is a great interest in recent times about the job satisfaction of the employees. The basic reason is that people deserved to be treated with respect and fairly and the job satisfaction directly reflects the treatment. The job satisfaction shows that emotional well-being and physiological health. Secondly the job satisfaction results in the organisational commitment and performance. The management concern is about the well-being of their workforce (Aryee 2009). The organisations like to measure the job satisfaction of employees at regular intervals to gauge employees attitudes. The aspects which effect the job satisfaction are: Personal aspects: The personal aspects consist of the gender, culture, education, social, economic situations, family etc. Jon inherent Factors: These aspects consist of the supervisors, workers; skilled workers frequently want to be directed by their convict on their daily job activities. Organizational Factors: The management aspects consist of supervision, job security, remuneration, career growth opportunities and responsibilities. Their existence usually motivates the employees and gives them job satisfaction. The organizations main motive is to concentrate on job design. It facilitates to improve employee hob satisfaction and productivity. Therefore when the job satisfaction is increase the attrition rate will be decreased (castor and spector, 1987). When the organizations not satisfied the employees jobs then automatically the absenteeism increases as well the productivity decreases. Gap 1 The Causes of Employee Attitudes The major factor in employee job satisfaction is the employees attitude, that depends on the management practices, working conditions, wages, and other fringe benefits, often employees are looking for extra benefits from the employer. Then the gasp exist between the employee expectation and the employees satisfaction towards his job. The culture is also one of the important factor influences the job satisfaction of the employee. Cultural Influences Culture aspects such as beliefs, values, food habits, traditions, these are affecting the employees. The globalization of companies faces so many problems to Human Resource practitioners. Therefore the cross cultural studies could assist those organizations. (Erez, 1994; house, 1995: Triandis, 1994) and the other social factors such as individualism, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance versus risk taking, power distance, masculinity/femininity are mostly play a major role in employee job satisfaction. Gap 2 The Results of Positive or Negative Job Satisfaction The second factor is the positive or negative job satisfaction of the employee. Often the organizations believe that the organizational productivity depends up on the satisfaction of the employees. Human Resources practitioners always put their maximum effort to reduce the cost incurring in employee job satisfaction and the organizational out comes completely depends up on the employee satisfaction. Gap 3 How To Measure and Influence Employee Attitudes The 3rd Gap focuses on the measures of employee attitude and influence. But number of methods existed attitudes of the employees such as conducting interviews, surveys. Form the above methods the attitude survey method most popular and well constructed method. This method is used to understand employee attitude whether it is positive or negative. Form that, we able to understand the attitudes of the employees. Authoritarian Style Democratic Style All policies are determined by leader Strategies for goal relation determined by leader; no future direction. Leader dictates work task to team Leader is personal in his praise and critics without objective reasons. Leader maintains distance from members All policies are determined by the group Explanation of overall processes give in the beginning; technical advice sought and given Members are free to choose work companion and division of tasks Leader is objective and fact minded in praise and criticism. Leader participate in the group Source: Kurt Lewin (1943) Autocratic versus Democratic Leadership There is always a controversy between the leadership style which is effective, whether the autocratic leadership style or democratic style of leadership. Daft (1999) said the autocratic leaders are one who lean to centralize power and compel power from the particular location, controlling the rewards. The system is initiated in responding to the on going situation in some European countries in those days. A study conducted by Lewin, White, Lippitt (1939); Lippitt White (1943) on autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire a group of boys and girls under guidance various leadership styles. The outcomes revealed that the group has imitated their leaders style of leadership. Under autocratic leadership style the leaders controlled in all the situations. In this leadership style they are very directive and scarcely appraising their group members and followed by-book leadership. The authoritarian team members are did not get the opportunity to make their own decisions and they always depen d on their leaders in decision making. The democratic leadership style of leaders provides their team a lot of opportunity to express their views confidently. The team members exposed social, impulsive and participative behavior in all the situations. The laissez-faire is measured as a light-weight leadership style. Leaders are very rarely influence their team. And there is no any direction to their teams and there is no any encouragement as a democratic style. This is like a captain less ship. Shaw (1955) observed by his study that the authoritarian leadership style team members are very speed, accuracy and efficient in their views. In the other hand the satisfaction of the team leaders are high. Tannenbaum Schmidt (1973) extended the democratic vs. autocratic leadership style perception by bring out Leadership variety. Leadership and Job Satisfaction There is a relationship between the job satisfaction and leadership style of the immediate supervisor (Bass, 1985). In another study Chionk (2001) established a positive correlation between the leadership style, job satisfaction and employee commitment. The manager should leadership qualities to produce the organisational outcomes. The leadership style and vision can influence the employee job satisfaction internally as well as externally (Gaziogly and Tansel, 2006). On the contrary Chang and Lee (2005) showed that there is no significant relationship between the leadership style and job satisfaction. In general transformational leadership results in the employee willingness to organisations and desired organisational outcomes. While viewing the job satisfaction in the context of leadership there are several prediction can be derived (Bass, 1985). The transformational leadership can foster a more job satisfaction due to sense of ownership and intellectual stimulation. The transformational leader encourage in more freedom and responsibilities for their employees. The work also provides a more accomplishments and job satisfaction. The transformational leaders also encourage development of their employees, hence employees feel that their needs are also cared and carried out. While the employees who do not like the transformational leadership may feel that reward system is not good enough for them. The people who believe in management by exception feel that transformational leaders are searching for deviations and are not happy in their jobs (Solomon, 2007) The employees are more satisfied with the managers who are supportive compared managers who are critical of employees. The employ undergo stress to work with leaders who are unsupportive and show a hostile behaviour towards employees. The employees expect guidance and directions in situations where they cant make decisions. The negative leadership style results in the reduced productivity, increased turnover rate and absenteeism (Ribelin, 2003). The studies conducted by Robbins (2003) it is revealed that employees retention is higher with transactional leadership as compared transformational leadership. The transformational leadership helps employees to improve their skills increasing the job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Job Satisfaction and Retail Leadership: Hammer (1996) says that from the past two decades, the employee behaviors are changing frequently. Because of the improved multiple job opportunities the employee has the wide choices. Therefore the retention of employee is a crucial thing for the organizations (Chowdhury, 2000). This study tells what the organizations are going to practice satisfy the employee and what are the emerged theories on employee job satisfaction. But in the current business environments the money is not very important for the employees. Although the peer study revealed that the main reason for employee job satisfaction is the behavior of the manager or managers behavior. There it review that the leadership and the support or co operation of the leadership play a key role in employee job satisfaction. Then the organization must support the employees through the organizational cultures, policies that exist effective in the work place. But some studies say that the satisfaction of the employee is linked with employee job satisfaction. Where as the employee get motivated by customer satisfaction in certain environments such as retail industry and direct marketing organizations. The study explained that the job satisfaction will be resultant by five basic characteristics: Task variety, Task identity, Task significance, Autonomy Feedback. People want to have more control and meaning in their work-lives, and not just perks and benefits. Theories found in the literature which pertain to job satisfaction include: Equity theory: Mostly this theory defined that the employees can be satisfy and get motivated with their jobs when they have the healthy industrial relations among their work group. Here they must feel that every employee is same and equal. The satisfaction levels decrease when the recriminations rise among the employees. Therefore the organizations must maintain the equality among their employee. Two-Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction (Herzberg) Herzberg theory states that dissatisfaction effect on the employee satisfaction it directly results on the employee out put and productivity. Generally the employees satisfaction with their job and perform a positive result on the organizational productivity. The motivational factors that are influence on employees, such as rewards, promotions, achievements, by adding responsibilities and recognition by his skills. Value Theory: The modern theory (1997) defined that the job satisfaction is formed in daily building up the positive attitude on the employees job. Where the employee gets the opportunity and value to achieve a particular goal and also the job provides that opportunity to accomplishment of such goal, then mostly the employee feel the job satisfaction. When the employee finds the organization go against to the employee regarding his role so the dissatisfaction of the employee may occur. Social Information Procession Model This model recommends that the co employees attitudes and behaviors result on the job satisfaction of the employee. Therefore where the employee surrounded the people who have positive attitudes and views regarding the opportunities which the organization provides and never bother about job security then automatically the employee satisfy with his current job. So the co employees attitudes and motivation effect the other employees. QUESTIONNAIRE The satisfaction of my job is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor I am provided the resources by my organization to perform are Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor Working conditions are good and safe Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The organization formed the clear cut goals to achieved by the team members. Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The motivation of my team leader Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor My team leader communicates me regarding my job responsibilities Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The company help me to identify my strengths and weaknesses Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The opportunity provided by our company to try innovative things Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The value of my views and participations in our organization is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The level of facilities which our organizational structure practices to enhance effective accomplishment of tasks is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The environment which the management provide me is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The satisfaction of the policies adopted by our organization is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor The respect of team members ideas and opinions is Excellent b. Good c. Average d. Poor Consumer Buying Decisions: Product Attributes Consumer Buying Decisions: Product Attributes In this research, instant coffee purchasing is selected to study the buying decision of consumers. Three blind taste tests are experimented and proofing that participant tended to choose the popular brand of coffee. Surprisingly, people made different choices in each of the test. The result tells us that without knowing the brand name, their buying decisions are different when comparing with knowing the brand name. In conclusion, brand has a strong influence in consumers decisions. To better understand the blind taste tests, we executed a questionnaire survey immediately. As a result, the survey tells us taste is the most important factor in affecting their buying decisions whereas their second consideration would be price, brand, and influenced by advertisement. This giving an idea that except for the brand and taste, there are many factors should affecting the consumers buying decision. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 2 2.1. Brand name 2 2.2. Brand Image 4 2.3. Linking brands to consumer perceptions of product 5 2.4. Consumer buying behavior and decision making 6 2.5. Customer satisfaction and loyalty 9 2.6. Product attributes 10 3. Research Methodology 12 3.1. Pilot study 15 4. Findings and discussions 16 4.1. Participants 16 4.2. Relationship of brand, taste and decision 17 4.3. Post-tests evaluation 20 4.4. Buying behavior 23 4.5. Discussions 26 5. Conclusion 28 5.1. Recommendations 28 5.2. Conclusion 29 6. References 30 7. Appendix 33 7.1. Annex: The Blind Test and Questionnaire 33 Keywords Branding, Brand image, Brand equity, Consumer buying behavior, Consumer buying decision, Customer satisfaction and loyalty, Product attributes Introduction Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies have been made on the relationship of branding and consumer buying behavior (Fournier, 1994; Keon, 1983), i.e. how the consumer buying behavior affected by branding. Many companies devote lots of money and manpower to build up images for their brands. That is the reason why many studies have focused on this field. In this research will be figured out which factor, brand name or product attributes, plays a critical role in affecting consumer buying decision. In the economists normal approach, price is used as the main tool to explain the consumer buying behavior (Becker, 1996). We carry out blind taste tests and also conduct a questionnaire to find out the impact of branding on consumers preferences.. Literature Review This literature review is going to analysis what has been done in investigating the relationship among brand, consumer buying decision and product attributes. Such information will be digested and modified to be applied to instant coffee purchasing in the Hong Kong market. Brand name In recognition of the growing coffee culture that is sweeping Hong Kong, different tastes of coffee have been rolled out on the market. For example, Nescafe has newly released a new series of coffee Latte in which the image is totally different from the original Nescafe coffee. Old Town coffee has introduced a new series called white coffee. Why do they give new brand names for the new products? Why do they have different images? Is there any advantage for them to do so? According to Armstrong and Kotler (1999), brands can be described as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, which identifies the maker or seller of a product or service. Later, Olins (2000) gives a supplement to the definition of brand. He suggests that brand is a device that helps differentiating products from different sellers, without clear branding, in some fields, we literally could not tell one product or service from another. By using brand names, consumers can easily distinguish products from different sellers. Brand Image In the words of Keller (1998), marketers can build up an image for the product to draw customers attention so as to induce more sales (Keller, 1998). Randall (1997) says Brand image is the whole image of the brand existing in the minds of consumers. It is the total information that the consumers have received about the brand. Some scholars think that the brand image can influence consumers buying decisions. Furthermore, Ogilvy (1983) suggests that consumers do not buy products; rather they buy products with a personality. Ogilvy (1983) also suggests the fact that a brand can have a personality or image reflecting that people not only want the basic function offered by the product, but also psychological benefits. If a brand image matches with an individuals image, he/she will purchase that product and may stick to that brand in future (brand loyalty) (Levine, 2003). From the above statements, it seems that consumers are concerned more about the brand image rather than product attribu tes. In the research, we will use the product of instant coffee to test the validity of the above statements. After reviewing the sections of 2.1 and 2.2, we can say that there is an intimate relationship among brand name, brand image and the consumers. Linking brands to consumer perceptions of product In the research, we will investigate how consumers make buying decisions. Perception of a product is crucial in making the buying decision; therefore, it is necessary to find the linkage between brand and consumer perceptions. Olins (2000) suggests that people can have a relationship with a brand: they have an immense emotional content and inspire loyalty beyond reason. Besides, Keller (1998) suggests that what distinguishes a brand from its unbranded commodity is the sum of consumers perceptions and feelings about the products attributes and performance, brand name and what it stands for and the company associated with the brand. In the past, there were only a few instant coffee brands available in the market. In recent yeas, a lot of new instant coffee brands appear in the market, such as Indocafe and Old Town coffee. The traditional branding strategy which has emphasized on product offerings and associated functional and utilitarian benefits is no longer workable in the market. People are now paying more attention to the brand (Levine, 2003). Therefore, it is no wonder many companies create a strong and distinctive brand image for their products so as to differentiate himself from other competitors (Keller, 1998). Advertising is widely used by the companies to build up a brand image. In Hong Kong, many coffee brands have been advertised on TV and in magazine, such as Maxwell house, Nescafe and Mr. Brown. Most studies have found that there are inter-relationships among brand, advertisement and consumers buying decisions (MacKenzie et al., 1986). Besides, that the affective and cognitive-based attitudes towar ds the brand can affect the consumers buying decisions (Homer et al., 1992). Advertising is the primary device used to build the image of a brand and most of the customers usually rely on advertising messages when they make an infrequent purchase for an unfamiliar product (Dowling, 2001).Well-established brands attract increased preference and usage (East, 1997), produce greater emotional ties (Biel, 1993), and boost trust and loyalty (Fournier, 1994). If the statement is true, it indicates that customers perception of products derive from marketing effort such as brand images and brand differentiation in addition to the physical characteristics of the product. What about the product quality? Can product quality influence the perception of product? Consumer buying behavior and decision making In our study, consumer buying decision is our key focus. We will focus on how the consumers make their buying decisions in purchasing instant coffee. We want to know which factors, brand or product attributes, influences most in the process of buying decision making of consumers. Therefore, we must understand the consumer buying behavior and how they make the buying decisions. In the past, consumers were more concerned with a products function- efficiency, reliability, value-for-money, durability and convenience todays customers are prepared to pay more for a stylish product as they become more affluent and visually sophisticated (Henley Centre, 1989). It is no wonder companies put much effort on packaging, product design and advertising. In the words of Bayley (1989), the ambience, the layers of imagery, the texture, the decoding- all of these are vested interests leading to the only rationale: a purchase. Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers, individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Armstrong et al., 1999). Consumers have to make decisions when there is more than one choice. However, how do the consumers make their buying decisions? Foxall (1980) suggests that consumers will make the buying decisions according to perception, personality, motivation and attitudes. He says that consumer behavior is a process of learning and it depends on how you perceive the product. The process is modified according to the customers past experience and the objectives he or she has set (Foxall, 1980). Besides, Foxall (1980) also suggests that consumers personality and self-image is important in studying consumer buying decision as he believes that consumers only choose products that are consistent with their perceptions of themselves. By using Foxalls (1980) idea, it is not difficult to understand the relationship between brand and consumer buying decision. Once the brand image and consumers image is matched, consumer will purchase that product. Besides, Foxall (1980) also claimed that consumer buying decision is motivated by something more than awareness. It depends on the consumers needs and drives, his tastes and aspirations, plus his attitudes, personality and social environment (Foxall, 1980). Furthermore, Foxall (1980) says that attitudes and buying decision are related and each may influence the other, however, they are not always entirely consistent. Customer satisfaction and loyalty Although our key focus of the research is how the consumers make buying decisions in purchasing coffee, customer satisfaction will also be investigated. In our study, satisfaction refers to the situation when consumers expectations are matched by perceived performance (Blackwell et al., 2001). After purchasing a product, consumers will have a post-purchase evaluation (Foxall, 1980). Consumers will continue to purchase the product if they are satisfied with it. It is called loyalty. Sometimes, they may recommend it to their relatives and friends. In the research, the blind tests will be used to find out how the consumers perceive the product, that is, to see if consumers can recognize the taste of the brand that they have chosen. Previous study has found that customer satisfaction has a positive effect on loyalty and they will repurchase the product again (Oliver, 1997; Mittal et al., 2001). If the consumers are satisfied with the taste of coffee in the blind tests but it is not the brand the consumers used to buy, we can say that brand influences consumers much and the consumers only loyal to the brand but not the product itself. Product attributes According to Armstrong and Kotler (1999), product attributes can be defined as something that can deliver the benefits offered by the product and can add value to the customers. In the words of Keller (1998), product attributes are the ingredients necessary for performing the product or service function sought by consumers. They refer to a products physical composition and are what determine the nature and level of product performance (Keller, 1998). It can be further characterized according to important and optional features, either necessary for a product to work or for allowing customization and more versatile personalized usage (Keller, 1998). In the research, we will focus on the study of instant coffee and we will regard taste as the most important attributes of coffee. Some studies have carried out in which consumers perceive the products they buy and the brands they regularly choose. Taste is used to determine the effect of brand identification on consumers reactions to and evaluations of products (Allison Uhl, 1964; Makens, 1961). The studies conclude that Participants in general did not appear to be able to discern the taste differences among the various brands, but apparently labels and their associations did influence their evaluations. To sum up the literature review, many studies (Allison Uhl, 1964; Keon, 1983; Makens, 1961) have shown that consumers are influenced by branding. However, to what extent will the consumers make their buying decisions according to product attributes? The research will find out the answer. Research Methodology I used the technique of triangulation (White, 2000) in my research in which two techniques, blind taste test and questionnaire, were used. Before conducting the actual survey, I randomly selected 82 people outside a supermarket in Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong and asked them if they had the habit of buying instant coffee. 39 of them stated that they buy instant coffee regularly but 18 of them said that they do not drink instant coffee. In the 39 people, 33 (84.6%) of them said that they usually buy Nestlà ©s instant coffee, Nescafe. 4 (10.3%) of them buy Maxwell House instant coffee and 2 (5.1%) of them buy Old Town instant coffee. I invited the 33 Nescafe instant coffee buyers to do the blind taste test and questionnaire as they were the majority (84.6%) of the respondents. I believed choosing Nescafe instant coffee buyers to be the sample was more representative as they represent the majority of the coffee drinkers that I have asked. However, only 30 of them agreed to participate in the test. The 30 Nescafe instant coffee buyers were my sample population. The sample consisted of 8 males and 22 females who have the habit of buying instant coffee on their own. The blind taste test was carried out in order to find out how the consumers choose coffee. The test was divided into three parts and each part would have 10 participants. In the three blind taste tests, Tsit Wing instant coffee (TW), Maxwell House instant coffee (MH) and Nescafe instant coffee (NC) were used. I chose the three coffees as their price is more or less the same. Every participant had tried the Tsit Wing instant coffee (TW), Maxwell House instant coffee (MH) and Nescafe instant coffee (NC) before. In Test A, three cups of different coffee were given without brand labels. NC was the brand that the sample population used to buy. The participants were asked to taste the coffee and choose one that they would purchase. The data collected in the Test A would serve as a base reference. If the participants like the taste of NC, they will also choose the NC in the test. In Test B, three different cups of coffee were given. Each cup of coffee had a label showing the brand of coffee. The aim of the Test B was to see if there was any difference between Test A and Test B. If they really like the taste of NC, the results in the Test A and B would be consistent. If the results in the two tests are not consistent, it shows that brand influence consumers decision. Test C was carried out to determine if the consumer buying decision was independent of the brand name. The Test C was the same as Test B, except the name of the coffee brand were labeled wrongly. I labeled the cup of MH as TW, the cup of TW as NC and the cup of NC as MH. By comparing with the result obtained in the three tests, we hoped to find out which factors, brand or taste, has a greater influence on the consumers. If the data obtained in the Test A does not match with the data obtained in the Test B, it tells that brand has an influence on consumers decisions. The reason is in Test A, the participants only know the taste of the coffee and they can only choose the coffee according to the taste of coffee. In Test B, however, the participants know both the taste and brand. If their decisions are different, that means the brand affects their buying behavior. For the Test C, the three different coffees were used again. However, their brand names were labeled wrongly this time. Comparing the result obtained in this test to that of in the Test B, if the result has a big difference, that means the brand has a greater influence than the taste on the decision of participants. Besides, questionnaire (Annex 7.1) was also used to obtain data. The questionnaire, used immediately after the blind taste tests, consisted of five questions with choices given. Pilot study The pilot study made me realize that what I need is to observe their buying behavior which cannot be asked but observed. Therefore, I decided to do the blind taste tests and questionnaire instead of doing an interview which allowed me to focus on measuring the influence of brand and taste on the consumers decisions. Afterwards, I decided to carry a three blind taste tests with three groups of people. I enjoy to take this chance tend to do all blind taste test is they will remember the taste of the coffee in the test, and finally affect their choice in the next following tests. Findings and discussions Participants Of the total number of 30 respondents, 8 (26.7%) were males and 22 (73.3%) were females. All of them were NC consumers. The result is shown in Table 4 .1. More than a half people had 1 to 3 years NC purchasing experience and 70% of them had at least 1 year purchasing experience. From the data, we can assume that some participants are experienced in purchasing instant coffee and the results obtained from them are valuable to discuss and analyze. Relationship of brand, taste and decision In the research, blind taste tests were used to find out how the consumer made decisions regarding brand and taste in purchasing instant coffee. Three tests were carried out. In each test, participants were given three cups of different coffee. In Test A, three cups of coffee without brand name were given. In Test B, brand name was given to each cup of coffee. In Test C, brand names were given but placed wrongly on each coffee. In Test A, three cups of coffee without label were given to participants to taste. Surprisingly, the result was not consistent with our expectation. In other words, taste was the only reason for their choices in the Test A. The result told us that without knowing the brand name, their preferences were different when comparing with knowing the brand name. In this test, the result was changed because the participants knew the brand name when comparing with the result of the Test A. There was a 30% increase in the NC and a 30% decrease in the MH. The data showed that the brand really influenced participants when deciding the coffee. In Test C, the participants had to taste three cups of different coffee in which the brand labels were placed wrongly. The result was very close to that of Test A. That means they chose as if just chose by the taste only. It gave us a hint that with a different label on the cups, their choices were different. What we can conclude is that the brand plays an important role in affecting buying decision of participants. Post-tests evaluation After the three blind taste tests, the participants in Test A and C were told about the correct branding of the coffee they had tried. All the participants were asked if they would continue to purchase the NC after trying the tests. Only 30% of the participants would firmly say yes. Half of them had a second thought of their decisions. It told us that they started to think about their perceptions of NC coffee. It implies that the participants will also consider the taste when purchasing instant coffee. Participants were asked to choose one coffee to recommend to their friends after trying the blind taste tests. The result was shown in Table 4 .6. The result was very interesting that about half of them recommend NC to their friends while another half suggested MH, was most people voted due to the taste in the Test A. It implies that branding and taste also have a strong influence in consumers buying behavior. Participants were asked if they were satisfied with the NC. Before the blind taste test, over 40% of the participants were satisfied with the NC. However, after the blind taste tests, only 17% were satisfied with it and there was 13% of participants were dissatisfied. From the result in Fig. 4 .7 and Fig. 4 .8, we can see that the participants were influenced by the blind test. We can say that beside the factors related to the products, there are some other factors may affect our buying decision. Buying behavior In the research, participants were asked immediately after the blind taste tests about how they made the buying decision when purchasing instant coffee. In the research, the participants were asked to give factors they thought were influential in making the buying decision in the questionnaire. The answers were shown in the Table 4 .9. In Fig. 4 .9, it shows the most influential factor affecting buying decision. 63% of the participants regard Taste was the most influential (Table 8.1), 13% voted for Influenced by advertisement, 10% for Brand image, 7% for Price and 7% for Word-of-mouth. Nobody voted for brand in the questionnaire. Comparing to the results obtained in the blind tests, the results were inconsistent. In the blind tests, it was found that the influence of the brand was greater than the influence of the taste. In Fig. 4 .10, it shows the top three influential factors affecting buying decision regarding to instant coffee purchasing. Nearly one-third of the whole population voted for the Taste, the second one was Price (20%) and the third were Brand (13.3%) and Influenced by advertisement (13.3%). The Fig. 4 .10 shows that Price is also an important factor in making the buying decision. The data gives us an idea that beside brand and taste, there are many factors should be considered in making the buying decision. Discussions According to the three blind taste tests and the questionnaires done by the participants, we can see that the brand influence was strong to the participants. In the Test A, participants did not know the brand but the taste. They chose the coffee according to the taste. More than 50% of the NC buyers chose MH. However, when the brands were labeled on each cup of coffee in Test B, 50% of the NC buyers choose NC. In Test C, three cups of coffee were given with the wrong brand labels, the result showed that participants tend to choose coffee according to the brand name as 60% of the NC buyers chose MH which was labeled with a NC label. The three test results indicate that brand affects consumers decisions and which is supported by Olins (2000) and Keller (1998). Olins (2000) suggests that brand helps people to differentiate products from different sellers. Besides, Keller (1998) suggests that brand is an external aspect of product and it can affect the purchase or consumption procedure. Besides, the participants were asked if they were satisfied with the NC before and after the blind taste tests, Over 40% of the participants were satisfied with NC. However, after the blind taste tests, the number of satisfied people decreased and there was 13% of participants dissatisfied with the NC. From the results, we can see that the participants were influenced by the blind test and there are some other factors may affect our preferences. As we mentioned in the literature review, consumers will buy the product again if they are satisfied with the product (Foxall, 1980). From the results, we can see that the brand influences consumer buying decisions a lot. From the data in Table 4 .9, there were 63% of participants chose Taste as the most influential. However, nobody voted brand as the most important factor. Compared that to the results obtained in the blind taste tests, in which brand had a strong influence in consumers decisions, there is a contradiction. The inconsistency shows that people do not understand what influences their behavior very well. Conclusion Recommendations The result obtained from the tests and the questionnaire is not consistent in some way. If the answers from participants are truly reflecting their preferences, the obtained result should be consistent. So we should not trust the result given from the research and we should be critical in reading other research data in the future. Furthermore, if it is feasible, we may observe their actual buying behavior after trying the blind taste tests over a period of time in order to get an accurate result. Conclusion In this research, we carry out three blind taste tests and find out that participants tended to choose coffee according to the brand name. 60% of one of the instant coffee brand supporters chose another brand of coffee which is wrongly labeled as their favorite coffee brand by me. Surprisingly, 80% of them do not choose their favorite coffee brand in another test when the labels are gone. The only factor which affects their decisions if the labels are gone is the taste of the coffee. In other words, taste is the only reason for their choices if no labels are provided. The result tells us that without knowing the brand name, their buying decisions are different when comparing with knowing the brand name. The result shows us that brand had a strong influence in consumers decisions. 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